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Introduction: Today, due to the increasing demand for health services and the increase in health care costs, it is necessary to pay attention to cost management in hospitals. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing and psychometric "Hospital Cost Management Scale".
Methods: The present research method is a combined (qualitative-quantitative) method. In the qualitative section, literature review and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 health economics experts and hospital managers using content analysis and Atlasti software. In the quantitative part, the content validity ratio of the scale by Lawshe table and the content validity index was based on Waltz & Basel method were measured by opinion of 20 experts. Construct validity was measured factor analysis method. Reliability was calculated by internal consistency and stability by retesting among 20 experts in the qualitative phase with a 2-week interval. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured a second time for the whole scale in sample 207. The data were calculated by SPSS. 22.
Results: From the qualitative section, the "Hospital Cost Management Scale" were obtained. The content validity ratio was 0.42 and the content validity index was 0.79.  The results of factor analysis showed 35 items in 5 dimensions of hospital management and structure, control and supervision, consumption resource management, financing, and human resource management. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.75 to 0.86 and the reliability by the retest method was again between 0.76 and 0.88 two weeks’ interval. Cronbach's alpha coefficient with 207 samples was 0.87.
 Conclusion: The "Hospital Cost Management Scale" was developed with 5 dimensions with high validity and reliability. Therefore, its use is recommended in planning and controlling hospital costs and directing further research.
 

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Introduction: The tendency to cosmetic surgery and its practice can be influenced by various physical, psychological, social and cultural factors. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between sexual satisfaction and perceived social support with a tendency to cosmetic surgery.
Methods: The method of the present study is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included all patients seeking cosmetic surgery in one month in 2020 in selected 3 clinics in Tehran, which was estimated at a total of 900 people. 322 of them were selected as a sample by non-random sampling Quota method. The demographic questionnaire, "Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire", the "Perceived Social Support Scale" and the "Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale" were used to collect data. The construct validity of the instruments was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was confirmed by internal consistency by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS. 19.
Results: Tendency to cosmetic surgery has a negative and significant correlation with sexual satisfaction (r = -0.208) and perceived community support (r = -0.338) (P <0.05). Also, perceived social support (β = -0.29) and sexual satisfaction (β = -0.19) predict a total of 15% of the variance of the tendency to cosmetic surgery (P <0.05).
Conclusions: Tendency to cosmetic surgery has a negative and significant correlation with sexual satisfaction and perceived community support. Therefore, social support and sexual satisfaction predict the tendency to surgery. It is suggested that psychologists and counselors consider the role of social support and sexual satisfaction in reducing the unnecessary tendency of individuals to cosmetic surgery. 
 

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Introduction: Today, the prevalence of risky behaviors among youths has become one of the most important and widespread concerns of human societies. The aim of this study was to develop a model of the structural relationship of risky behaviors based on interpersonal sensitivities with the mediating role of emotional creativity in students of Islamic Azad Universities of Isfahan Province. 
Methods: The present study was conducted by a descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the present study included all students studying in the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021 in Islamic Azad universities of Isfahan Province. A total of 384 individuals were selected using random cluster sampling. Data were collected using with demographic questionnaire, "Youth Risk Behavior Survey", "Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure" and “Emotional Creativity Inventory”. Content validity was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in SPSS. 24 and PLS. 3. 
Results: Interpersonal sensitivities were inversely and negatively correlated with emotional creativity (β= -0.60, t= 9.87). Emotional creativity was inversely and negatively correlated with high-risk behaviors (β= -0.54, t=4.98). Interpersonal sensitivities were directly and positively correlated with high-risk behaviors (β=0.41, t=5.85). Finally, the correlation of interpersonal sensitivity with risky behaviors was confirmed by emphasizing the mediating role of emotional creativity (t=80.59). According to the model results, the prediction of students' high-risk behaviors based on interpersonal sensitivity had a favorable fit due to the mediating role of emotional creativity in students.
Conclusions: Students risky behaviors are predicted based on interpersonal sensitivity due to the mediating role of emotional creativity in students. Therefore, it is suggested that by holding workshops and educational programs and producing appropriate content to inform students and their families and university officials to reduce risky behaviors.